Adipose tissue stem cells (ASCs), known as multipotent stem cells, are most commonly used in the clinical applications in recent years.
What Are Micronized Adipose Stem Cells?
Micronized adipose tissues (AT) offer advantages in the harvesting, isolation, and expansion of adipose stem cells (ASCs), especially due to the abundant stem cell yield compared to bone marrow.
ASCs can be found in stromal vascular fractions (SVF) which are easily obtained from the dissociation of adipose tissue. Both SVFs and culture-expanded ASCs exhibit the stem cell characteristics such as differentiation into multiple cell types, regeneration, and immune regulators. Therefore, SVFs and ASCs have been researched to evaluate the safety and benefits for human use. In fact, the number of clinical trials on ASCs is going to increase by years; however, most trials are in phase I and II, and lack phase III and IV. This systemic review highlights and updates the process of the harvesting, characteristics, isolation, culture, storage, and application of ASCs, as well as provides further directions on the therapeutic use of ASCs.
In conclusion, although micronized adipose stem cells (ASCs) have been studied for years, their clinical application continues to grow as a promising source of adult stem cells for various diseases. However, additional in-vitro and human studies are needed to further support the therapeutic use of ASCs.
Exosomes from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (AD-MSCs)
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (AD-MSC) exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. These stem cells are a type of multipotent stromal cell found in adipose (fat) tissue, and they have the ability to differentiate into various cell types, such as adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes.
Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles, typically ranging from 30 to 150 nm in size, that are secreted by various cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells. They play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication by transferring proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (such as mRNA and microRNA) between cells. The cargo within exosomes can influence the behavior and function of recipient cells, making them key players in various physiological and pathological processes. Exosomes derived from micronized adipose stem cells (AD-MSCs) have attracted significant interest due to their potential therapeutic applications. They have been found to possess regenerative, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and immunomodulatory properties, which make them promising candidates for treating a wide range of conditions, including tissue injury, degenerative diseases, and inflammatory disorders.
Some of the potential therapeutic applications of AD-MSC exosomes include:
Tissue repair and regeneration
They can promote cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, helping in the regeneration of damaged tissues, such as skin, bone, and cartilage.
Wound healing
AD-MSC exosomes can stimulate the formation of new blood vessels, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue remodeling, which can enhance the wound healing process.
Anti – inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects
They can modulate immune cell functions, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue repair, making them useful in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Neuroprotection
AD-MSC exosomes have been found to protect neurons from damage and promote neural regeneration in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.